Recent studies have demonstrated increased activity in brain regions associated with emotion and reward when listening to pleasurable music. Unexpected change in musical features intensity and tempo — and thereby enhanced tension and anticipation — is proposed to be one of the primary mechanisms by which music induces a strong emotional response in listeners. Whether such musical features coincide with central measures of emotional response has not, however, been extensively examined. In this study, subjective and physiological measures of experienced emotion were obtained continuously from 18 participants 12 females, 6 males; 18—38 years who listened to four stimuli—pleasant music, unpleasant music dissonant manipulations of their own music , neutral music, and no music, in a counter-balanced order. Each stimulus was presented twice: electroencephalograph EEG data were collected during the first, while participants continuously subjectively rated the stimuli during the second presentation. Frontal asymmetry FA indices from frontal and temporal sites were calculated, and peak periods of bias toward the left indicating a shift toward positive affect were identified across the sample. The music pieces were also examined to define the temporal onset of key musical features. Subjective reports of emotional experience averaged across the condition confirmed participants rated their music selection as very positive, the scrambled music as negative, and the neutral music and silence as neither positive nor negative. Significant effects in FA were observed in the frontal electrode pair FC3—FC4, and the greatest increase in left bias from baseline was observed in response to pleasurable music. These results are consistent with findings from previous research.


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Introduction
UC Berkeley researchers have surveyed more than 2, people in the United States and China about their emotional responses to these and thousands of other songs from genres including rock, folk, jazz, classical, marching band, experimental, and heavy metal. The upshot? The subjective experience of music across cultures can be mapped within at least 13 overarching feelings: amusement, joy, eroticism, beauty, relaxation, sadness, dreaminess, triumph, anxiety, scariness, annoyance, defiance, and feeling pumped up. The findings were published recently in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Cowen and fellow researchers have translated the data into an interactive audio map where visitors can move their cursors to listen to any of thousands of music snippets to find out, among other things, if their emotional reactions match how people from different cultures respond to the music. While both U. Across cultures, study participants mostly agreed on general emotional characterizations of musical sounds, such as anger, joy, and annoyance.
Original Research ARTICLE
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